Modern C++
Table of Contents
- 1. C++11
- 1.1. nullptr
- 1.2. Strongly typed enumeration
- 1.3. Uniform initialization
- 1.4. Ranged based for loop
- 1.5. Array container
- 1.6. constexpr
- 1.7. Explicitly deleted and defaulted functions
- 1.8. Delegating constructers
- 1.9. Automatic type deduction and decltype
- 1.10. Lambda functions
- 1.11. Hash tables
- 1.12. rvalue reference and move semantics
- 1.13. Smart pointer
- 2. C++14
- 3. C++17
- 4. C++20
- 5. references
In this article, I will provide a tutorial on features in modern C++ using very simple examples. The examples will be kept short for beginners to quickly grasp the features.
The complete list of features can be found in the following links: C++11, C++14, C++17, C++20. Please refer to these links for more information.
1 C++11
1.1 nullptr
Considering function overloading:
void fun(int); void fun(char *);
Traditionally, NULL is often defined as 0. The issue arises with which function will foo(NULL) call?
Thus, C++11 introduces a new kerword, nullptr, as a distinghished null pointer consant.
#include <iostream> void fun(char *p) { std::cout << "hi pointer" << std::endl; } void fun(int i) { std::cout << "hi integer" << std::endl; } int main() { fun(0); // Calls func(int) fun(nullptr); // Calls func(char*) //fun(NULL); // This generates an error return 0; }
1.2 Strongly typed enumeration
Enumerations in C++03 are effectively integers and do not have their own scope. It is possible to compare two enum values of different enumeration types.
#include <iostream> int main() { enum Animal {Cat, Dog, Elephant}; enum Fish {Clam, Dolphin, Eel}; Animal a = Dog; Fish f = Dolphin; if (a == f) std::cout << "Dog == Dolphin" << std::endl; else std::cout << "Dog != Dolphin" << std::endl; return 0; }
